The Soyuz 1 It did not take an expert to realize that the 7K-OK was not ready for manned flight. Unfortunately, the State Commission and Mishin thought this was a good opportunity to advance to NASA, now mired in utter confusion after the tragedy of Apollo 1. On March 25, 1967 it was decided to continue with the original plan. The next manned Soyuz would not only, but also carry out an ambitious mission that included a link to another 7K-OK (Soyuz 2) to carry three crew members. After mating, two astronauts would perform an extravehicular activity (EVA) and the Soyuz 2 would the Soyuz 1. Manned mission would be the most complex to date.
Soyuz 7K-OK spacecraft during integration on the ground. Protective covers can be seen green (against the vacuum and temperature changes) that cover the entire ship, but some parts (radiator) of the propulsion module (below). Vladimir Komarov be the commander of the Soyuz 1, Yuri Gagarin
reserve. Valeri Bykovsky, Alexei Yeliseyev and Yevgeni Jrunov would be the crew of the Soyuz 2. Jrunov Yeliseyev and should perform the EVA suits and return Yastreb with Komarov on Soyuz 1. After a short but intense training cosmonauts travel from Moscow to Baikonur on several flights between 6 and 14 April. That same day, the State Commission tentatively decided to set the release date for April 24. The Soyuz 1 lift off from Area 1 or "Gagarin ramp, while the Soyuz 2 would from Area 31. Komarov during training for the mission.
Crew of Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 2 with Yuri Gagarin.
April 15, at 23:00 began the refueling of the Soyuz 1. The Soyuz 2 would receive its hypergolic fuel loading on 17 April. Three days after the State Commission met to confirm the composition of the crew and decided that the launch of the Soyuz 1 would take place on 23 April at 3:55 Moscow time. The Soyuz 2 was off on April 24 at 03:10. The day came and Komarov key rose shortly after midnight local time. After going through a medical checkup donned his flight suit, a simple gray cotton mono, and he left the launch pad at 03:00. They took leave of the Commissioners, among whom were Mishin and Kamanin. Gagarin himself accompanied Komarov to the entry hatch of the ship.
At the scheduled time, the Soyuz 1 (7K-OK (A) No. 4) took off with Komarov inside, becoming the first cosmonaut who performed a second space flight. Once in orbit was 196.2 x 225 km, the nightmare began. The left panel of the Soyuz failed to deploy and also missed a telemetry antenna, the system of short-wave communications and solar sensor 45K. This sensor was responsible for maintaining the ship facing the Sun continuously. With a solar panel out of service and without proper guidance, the electric current decreased to 14 amps, well below normal. 
So should have been Soyuz 1-Soyuz 2.
Komarov tried to guide the ship during the fifth orbit using manual control and sensor system of ions, but without much success. Komarov found it was very difficult to determine the spacecraft orientation with respect to horizon. Between the seventh and thirteenth orbit, Komarov should take the opportunity to sleep out of reach of Soviet shortwave stations. Upon completion of this period, the cosmonaut announced that the ion orientation system failed again. Bad news, because no system operational guidance was impossible to return to Earth. At this point it was clear that the link with the Soyuz 2 was impossible, so that the State Commission decided to cancel the mission and ordering the return of Komarov at the 17 th orbit. The three crew of the Soyuz 2 complained bitterly about the "excessive caution" by the Commission. But in the 15 th orbit Komarov said that finally the ion system worked again. The engineers proceeded to calculate the information necessary for reentry. Before losing radio contact, Gagarin diligently passed them. Mishin and Kamanin wished him luck. The ship's computer should start on the braking sequence at 2:56, but when it came time nothing happened. The engine was not running. Apparently, the guidance system had failed again to pass the ship an area with less density of ions while flying over the night side of the planet.
was decided to bring back the 18 th Komarov and Gagarin orbit proceeded to send a new set of data. The ignition, 150 seconds long, would take place at 05:57. Before entering the Earth's shadow, Komarov should ensure that the spacecraft was oriented with the front engine. Then have to wait until the gyroscopes KI-38 held the position during the night journey. This time the guidance system worked and the engine was turned on at the scheduled time, although the length is slightly lower than expected (146 seconds). To the alarm of the drivers, the alarm signal "Fault-2" was activated on the instrument panel of the Soyuz. Luckily it was not any major failure. The computer decided to cancel the nominal decrease in noting that the center of gravity of the ship was not where it should because of the folded solar panel. The spacecraft would carry out a ballistic descent Komarov should support a higher than normal deceleration (about 8 g), but nothing serious. After lighting, Komarov moved into a center seat in the capsule.
Inside a 7K-OK Soyuz capsule. 
Soyuz capsule. The parachute container to the right. 
Soyuz TMA capsule where you can see the main parachute container (NASA).
Vista
parachute a Soyuz TMA (NASA). 
sequence of the Soyuz descent to the main canopy (left) and standby (right) (RKK Energia).
initiated the reentry capsule fifteen minutes after the end of the ignition. Communications were interrupted because of the plasma layer formed around the ship while the heat shield reached more than 2000 ° C. A few minutes later he could hear the quiet voice reciting Komarov parameters down thanks to the VHF antenna located on the main hatch. The Soyuz 1 was about to return home. The tragedy occurred when it was his turn to parachute. The procedure required to first deploy a small parachute, the pilot parachute, which should stabilize the capsule and pull the main parachute. As expected, the parachute container cover was ejected and then the pilot parachute out. But against all odds, the main parachute stayed inside the container. Was unheard of. In the hundreds of simulations and tests never happened something similar. The ship's computer detected that the rate of fall did not diminish, a sign that there is something wrong with the main parachute. The reserve parachute was activated automatically, but unfortunately became entangled with the parachute pilot was already unfolded and its leadership failed to open properly. The ship rushed with no possibility of stopping its descent. Komarov knew it was going to die. Vladimir
later died when his capsule crashed about 150 km / h (the reserve parachute partially deployed helped to reduce the terminal velocity). The impact was fatal necessity, but even worse was the explosion and subsequent fire. Due to the high rate of descent, the heat shield had failed to spread to three kilometers high as expected. A few meters from the ground, solid fuel rockets of the capsule is activated to stop the fall, a worthless work this time. But being the heat shield still in place, the fireworks caused an explosion inside the car to be fueled by the 30 kg hydrogen peroxide system to maneuver the ship.
Rear Soyuz capsule without the heat shield. Be seen the four solid-fuel engines on the sides DMP.
Contrary to popular belief, Komarov
remained silent during his last seconds
life. Do not shout or praise turned to their homeland. Nor cursed the engineers who designed the vehicle. If you said something, he kept to himself. The capsule was equipped with a "black box" which recorded the conversations of the cosmonaut. Members of the rescue team aboard an Ilyushin Il-14 were the first who flew over the crash site and reported that Soyuz 1 was on fire. A helicopter landed a hundred yards from the capsule shortly after. Rescuers thought they might have survived Komarov and perhaps was out of the ship, so I inspected the area. A few minutes Later, Nikolai Kamanin landed in the city of Orsk waiting to be received by Komarov. They told of the tragedy and immediately went to the scene. When he arrived, the capsule was still in flames. At this point it was clear that Komarov was dead and his body was inside the ship. Kamanin gave orders to put out the fire with dirt and proceeded to remove the charred body of the cosmonaut. Komarov's remains were found at 09:30 and taken to Moscow for his autopsy. Komarov on April 26 would be buried with full honors in the Kremlin wall as a Soviet hero. A few days later, a group of pioneers who came to pay tribute to hero fallen Komarov found more remains of the area and decided to bury them. Several cosmonauts also came to the scene to pay tribute to his former comrade.
Remains of the Soyuz capsule 1 after impact. Komarov's body was still inside the vehicle when these pictures were taken. 
Remains of the Soyuz 1. 
Cosmonauts and engineers from OKB-1 Komarov pay homage to the scene of the tragedy (RKK Energy). was clear that Komarov died because of an incorrect deployment of the parachute, but was to determine the cause of this strange event. According to the official investigation, the parachute had been incorrectly folded before being inserted into the container. To avoid a similar tragedy, we decided to change the shape of the containers, which would be tapered rather than cylindrical. Also incorporated a pilot parachute to pull over to pull the main parachute and a control system to facilitate the deployment manual.
However, years after it was learned that main cause of the tragedy had nothing to do with the folding of the parachute. Prior to launch, and as usual, the capsule of the Soyuz 1 was coated with an organic resin that should be part of the heat shield ablation. Then the ship was introduced in an oven to cure the resin. For reasons still unknown, the parachute containers even empty-then-no and stopped this process. The resin vaporized entered into containers, resulting in increased roughness of the walls. As a result, the Soyuz 1 parachute failed to deploy due to excessive friction presented by the container. This fudge was attempted uncovered by the upper echelons of the OKB-1, although the system manager manned parachute design office was fired. The really terrible part is that the capsule 2 was also subjected to the same polymerization process. Has been released, it is possible that the four cosmonauts have died after returning from space.
Soyuz 1 was a predictable failure and resulted in the loss of innocence for the young Soviet space program. It was obvious that the ship was not ready for manned flight. The most important consequence of the tragedy was the cessation of the N1-L3 lunar programs and L1. If not a miracle happened, the USSR could give the moon race for loss, as indeed it was.
Komarov's name on the surface of the moon on a list of fallen astronauts.
References:
History Soyuz 
.
Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge
, Asif A. Siddiqi (University Press of Florida, 2003).
Raketi i Liudi , Boris Chertok (Mashinostroenie Moscow 1999).
imeni SP Korolev RKK Energia (Ed. Menonsovpoligraf, 1996).
S oyuz, a universal spacecraft
, Rex D. And David J. Hall Shayler (Springer Praxis, 2003).
Posted by Daniel Marín
SOURCE
http://danielmarin.blogspot.com/2011/03 / the-myths-of-the-Soyuz-1.html
coupling system between two Soyuz 7K-OK showing extravehicular activity required to move from one ship to another (Soyuz 4 and 5). 
Komarov tried to guide the ship during the fifth orbit using manual control and sensor system of ions, but without much success. Komarov found it was very difficult to determine the spacecraft orientation with respect to horizon. Between the seventh and thirteenth orbit, Komarov should take the opportunity to sleep out of reach of Soviet shortwave stations. Upon completion of this period, the cosmonaut announced that the ion orientation system failed again. Bad news, because no system operational guidance was impossible to return to Earth. At this point it was clear that the link with the Soyuz 2 was impossible, so that the State Commission decided to cancel the mission and ordering the return of Komarov at the 17 th orbit. The three crew of the Soyuz 2 complained bitterly about the "excessive caution" by the Commission. 
Raketi i Liudi 
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